Dead Time Research Articles

Assessing coarse woody debris by integrating full area sampling and line intersect sampling: Combining the best of both worlds

Effective and comprehensive monitoring of the quantity of deadwood has become an important aspect of forest inventories for studies on structural and demographic dynamics, biodiversity and carbon stocks. Assessing dead wood quantity, however, is challenging and time consuming due to the structural complexity of deadwood. To monitor coarse woody debris (CWD) in a 10-year remeasuring cycle, we propose to combine full area sampling, to assess and position large-diameter CWD, with line intersect sampling, to estimate the volume of small-diameter CWD. The aim was to simultaneously I) lower the work load in the field, II) ensure low variability in average CWD volume and III) enable remeasurement of a high share of individual CWD objects to study dead wood dynamics and related biodiversity. Using data from 1601 circular plots measured with full area sampling in 16 temperate forest reserves (Flanders, northern Belgium), we simulated line intersect transects and tested threshold diameters between 10 and 130 cm to subdivide CWD to be measured with full area or line intersect sampling. The work load of the combined sampling with a threshold diameter of 20 to 40 cm was about 50 to 90% of the full area sampling work load respectively. Yet, no significant increase in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the average CWD volume was registered for threshold diameters up to 30 cm (133 %) compared to the full area sampling (125 %). The probability to relocate a 30 cm diameter CWD object after 10 years was 50 % and the probability for remeasuring increased with diameter. Using full area sampling with 10 cm threshold results in only 32 % of the objects relocated and remeasured after 10 years; using the combined sampling, only positioning logs over 30 cm increases this figure to 67 %, thus avoiding idle work. We conclude that combining full area and line intersect sampling has the advantage of lowering the work load, increasing the share of relocated objects over time, while not significantly increasing the variability in average CWD volume. An optimal threshold diameter between both methods was comprised between 20 and 40 cm but might further depend on relative importance of work load, need for relocation, CV, the study setup (e.g. number and size of plots), stand characteristics (e.g. CWD volume, dominant tree species) and decay rate. We propose to use a 30 cm threshold diameter for measuring CWD in temperate forest reserves.

Design of adaptive-PID-Smith control in the two-mixing tank series

ABSTRACT A control strategy must be developed to maintain the product composition of the two- or more-mixed-flow reactor series. In this research, a two-mixing tank series (TMTS) was utilized in the laboratory to approach the two-mixed flow reactors’ problems. Both tanks are designed to overflow so that the volume remains constant. The salt solution was directly fed to Tank 1, while the water was charged to both tanks as the mixing progressed. The output of Tank-1 flowed to Tank-2 through a rather long pipe, resulting in dead time in Tank-2. The Smith predictor was applied to overcome dead time. The PRC (process reaction curve) method was used to tune the PID (proportional-integral-derivative) parameters of Tank-1 and Tank-2. The novel composition controls, adaptive-PID (APID) and modified metaheuristic adaptive-PID (MMAPID), have been proposed and compared with conventional PID. The mathematical models were rigorously examined through XCOS simulations. The processing system is considered sensitive to changes in input disturbances since the process time constants of both tanks were quite low. The dead time of 0.5 minutes was found in Tank 2. The PID parameters produced by PRC experiments resulted in stable responses to changes in the disturbance system. As shown in the dynamic simulation study, both novel APID and MMAPID give almost the same results; their responses are faster than the conventional PID. Based on the integral absolute error (IAE) results, APID with scheduling PID parameters produced the smallest IAE and outperformed the conventional PID. The results of the study highlight APID and MMAPID potential in PID control applications for composition control in a TMTS. The combined APID-Smith and MMAPID-Smith were able to overcome the dead time well. This study creates opportunities for engineers and professionals to use cutting-edge control technologies, improving automation and chemical process industries.

High-rate Gamma Spectrometry Using a LaBr3(Ce) Scintillator with a Fast Pulse Shaping.

The performance of a LaBr3(Ce) gamma spectrometer at high count rates was investigated up to an input count rate of 1.3 Mcps. In order to make its pulse processing faster, a preamplifier provided by the detector manufacturer was eliminated, and the signal from the photomultiplier tube was fed directly to a digital pulse processing system. To accomplish both fast pulse processing and good energy resolution, the pulse-shaping parameters were optimized at a low count rate of 1.5 kcps, and then measurements were carried out at various count rates. Input count rates ranging from 1.5 kcps to 21 kcps were produced using a set of 137Cs resin sources, while higher rates between 45 kcps and 1.3 Mcps were produced using a 1.2-GBq 137Cs source. The spectrometer showed an excellent performance for the input rate up to 150 kcps, while the dead time increased rapidly for the input rates above 150 kcps. The system dead time has been improved greatly by eliminating the preamplifier.

Mitigating reverse recovery power losses in MOSFET switching cell using extra Schottky diodes—Application to voltage source inverter

This article introduces a comparative study of the losses in Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based on Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) depending on whether or not the latter are associated with antiparallel diodes. These diodes are optional because MOSFETs have an intrinsic diode capable of conducting reverse currents when their channel is in OFF state. However, it induces additional reverse recovery losses and damaging voltage overshoots. This undesired circumstance occurs during the mandatory switching cell dead-time and is accurately modelled and assessed in this study. Conversely, Schottky diodes feature almost zero reverse recovery losses. Hence, combining each MOSFET with an antiparallel Schottky diode may reduce the converter overall losses. To assess this strategy, an analytical model of the charge stored within the body diode is developed and then compared to experiments using the Double Pulse Test (DPT). It reveals accurate and well suited because it requires only two constant macro parameters which permits to forecast the reverse recovery losses over a wide range of operating conditions, namely switched current, current slope and dead time duration. The selected model is applied in the case where a Schottky diode is placed antiparallel to the MOSFET. It then appears clearly that the interest of such a combination depends on the static characteristics of both the MOSFET and the Schottky diode. This output is a noteworthy point for power electronics designers. Finally, the developed model is applied in the standard use case of the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The results reveal the advantage of the suggested model in this use case because the current evolves significantly over time. The outcome of this VSI analysis shows that a significant recovery losses decrease is achieved with good sizing fit between the MOSFET transistor and the additional Schottky diode.

New Findings in the Stability Analysis of PI-state Controlled Systems with Actuator Saturation

In this paper, a simple, generally valid stability proof for an anti-windup method for PI-state controlled systems is presented, with which it is possible to directly conclude the stability of the PI-state controlled system from a stable P-state controlled system with constraints in the manipulated variables, i.e. without having to perform a separate stability investigation of the anti-windup measures. The technique presented is based on the system description by means of state equations and Lyapunov's Direct Method using quadratic Lyapunov functions. Furthermore, the PI-state controller is designed in such a way that it provides the same command response as the P-state controller, for which a stability statement is already available. Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems are considered, which, apart from the saturation of the manipulated variables, show linear, time-invariant behavior. In addition, a general stability proof is given for discrete-time systems, which makes it possible to establish stable anti-windup methods for P- and PI-state controlled systems, which contain dead time elements in the path of the manipulated variables, without having to carry out separate stability investigations for them. For this purpose, the state controller design for the system with dead time elements in the manipulated variable paths is based on the principle that the same characteristics of the control behavior should be achieved as for the system without such dead time elements, but delayed by the dead time. The effectiveness of the presented methods is illustrated by an example from the field of electrical drives.

Number-state reconstruction with a single single-photon avalanche detector

Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are crucial sensors of light for many fields and applications. However, they are not able to resolve photon number, so typically more complex and more expensive experimental setups or devices must be used to measure the number of photons in a pulse. Here, we present a methodology for performing photon number-state reconstruction with only one SPAD. The methodology, which is cost-effective and easy to implement, uses maximum-likelihood techniques with a detector model whose parameters are measurable. We achieve excellent agreement between known input pulses and their reconstructions for coherent states with up to ≈10 photons and peak input photon rates up to several Mcounts/s. When detector imperfections are small, we maintain good agreement for coherent pulses with peak input photon rates of over 40 Mcounts/s, greater than one photon per detector dead time. For anti-bunched light, the reconstructed and independently measured pulse-averaged values of g(2)(0) are also consistent with one another. Our algorithm is applicable to light pulses whose pulse width and correlation time scales are both at least a few detector dead times. These results, achieved with single commercially available SPADs, provide an inexpensive number-state reconstruction method and expand the capabilities of single-photon detectors.

Production of arabitol from glycerol by immobilized cells of Wickerhamomyces anomalus WC 1501.

Polyalcohols such as arabitol are among the main targets of biorefineries aiming to upcycle wastes and cheap substrates. In previous works Wickerhamomyces anomalus WC 1501 emerged as an excellent arabitol producer utilizing glycerol. Arabitol production by this strain is not growth associated, therefore, in this study, pre-grown cells were entrapped in calcium alginate beads (AB) and utilized for glycerol transformation to arabitol. Flasks experiments aimed to assess the medium composition (i.e., the concentration of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources and phosphates) and to establish the appropriate carrier-to-medium proportion. In flasks, under the best conditions of ammonium limitation and the carrier:medium ratio of 1:3 (w/v), 82.7g/L glycerol were consumed in 168h, yielding 31.2g/L arabitol, with a conversion of 38% and volumetric productivity of 186mg/mL/h. The process with immobilized cells was transferred to laboratory scale bioreactors with different configurations: stirred tank (STR), packed bed (PBR), fluidized bed (FBR), and airlift (ALR) bioreactors. The STR experienced oxygen limitation due to the need to maintain low stirring to preserve AB integrity and performed worse than flasks. Limitations in diffusion and mass transfer of oxygen and/or nutrients characterized also the PBR and the FBR and were partially relieved only in ALR, where 89.4g/L glycerol were consumed in 168h, yielding 38.1g/L arabitol, with a conversion of 42% and volumetric productivity of 227mg/mL/h. When the ALR was supplied with successive pulses of concentrated glycerol to replenish the glycerol as it was being consumed, 117g/L arabitol were generated in 500h, consuming a total of 285g/L glycerol, with a 41% and 234mg/L/h. The study strongly supports the potential of W. anomalus WC 1501 for efficient glycerol-to-arabitol conversion using immobilized cells. While the yeast shows promise by remaining viable and active for extended periods, further optimization is required, especially regarding mixing and oxygenation. Improving the stability of the immobilization process is also crucial for reusing pre-grown cells in multiple cycles, reducing dead times, biomass production costs, and enhancing the economic feasibility of the process.

Gamma camera imaging characteristics of 166Ho and 99mTc used in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy

BackgroundThe administration of a 166Ho scout dose is available as an alternative to 99mTc particles for pre-treatment imaging in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT). It has been reported that the 166Ho scout dose may be more accurate for the prediction of microsphere distribution and the associated therapy planning. The aim of the current study is to compare the scintigraphic imaging characteristics of both isotopes, considering the objectives of the pre-treatment imaging using clinically geared phantoms.MethodsPlanar and SPECT/CT images were obtained using a NEMA image quality phantom in different phantom setups and another body-shaped phantom with several inserts. The influence of collimator type, count statistics, dead time effects, isotope properties and patient obesity on spatial resolution, contrast recovery and the detectability of small activity accumulations was investigated. Furthermore, the effects of the imaging characteristics on personalized dosimetry are discussed.ResultsThe images with 99mTc showed up to 3 mm better spatial resolution, up to two times higher contrast recovery and significantly lower image noise than those with 166Ho. The contrast-to-noise ratio was up to five times higher for 99mTc than for 166Ho. Only when using 99mTc all activity-filled spheres could be distinguished from the activity-filled background. The measurements mimicking an obese patient resulted in a degraded image quality for both isotopes.ConclusionsOur measurements demonstrate better scintigraphic imaging properties for 99mTc compared to 166Ho in terms of spatial resolution, contrast recovery, image noise, and lesion detectability. While the 166Ho scout dose promises better prediction of the microsphere distribution, it is important to consider the inferior imaging characteristics of 166Ho, which may affect individualized treatment planning in SIRT.

Analysis and compensation of dead time effects on power transfer in dual active bridge for a general optimized modulation

Analysis and compensation of dead time effects on power transfer in dual active bridge for a general optimized modulation

Impact of improved dead time correction on the quantification accuracy of a dedicated BrainPET scanner.

Quantitative values derived from PET brain images are of high interest for neuroscientific applications. Insufficient DT correction (DTC) can lead to a systematic bias of the output parameters obtained by a detailed analysis of the time activity curves (TACs). The DTC method currently used for the Siemens 3T MR BrainPET insert is global, i.e., differences in DT losses between detector blocks are not considered, leading to inaccurate DTC and, consequently, to inaccurate measurements masked by a bias. However, following careful evaluation with phantom measurements, a new block-pairwise DTC method has demonstrated a higher degree of accuracy compared to the global DTC method. Differences between the global and the block-pairwise DTC method were studied in this work by applying several radioactive tracers. We evaluated the impact on [11C]ABP688, O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET), and [15O]H2O TACs. For [11C]ABP688, a relevant bias of between -0.0034 and -0.0053 ml/ (cm3 • min) was found in all studied brain regions for the volume of distribution (VT) when using the current global DTC method. For [18F]FET-PET, differences of up to 10% were observed in the tumor-to-brain ratio (TBRmax), these differences depend on the radial distance of the maximum from the PET isocenter. For [15O]H2O, differences between +4% and -7% were observed in the GM region. Average biases of -4.58%, -3.2%, and -1.2% for the regional cerebral blood flow (CBF (K1)), the rate constant k2, and the volume of distribution VT were observed, respectively. Conversely, in the white matter region, average biases of -4.9%, -7.0%, and 3.8% were observed for CBF (K1), k2, and VT, respectively. The bias introduced by the global DTC method leads to an overestimation in the studied quantitative parameters for all applications compared to the block-pairwise method. The observed differences between the two DTC methods are particularly relevant for research applications in neuroscientific studies as they affect the accuracy of quantitative Brain PET images.

Calibration of medical gamma cameras for estimation of internal contamination from 137Cs

Calibration of 22 gamma camera units was performed at 15 hospitals in southern and western Sweden to estimate 137Cs contamination in humans in a supine static geometry, with a new developed calibration protocol and phantom. The minimum detectable activities (MDAs) and the estimated committed effective doses (CEDs) were calculated for each calibration. Generic calibration factors were calculated for five predetermined groups based on the detector type and manufacturer. Group 1 and 2 included NaI-based gamma cameras from General Electrics (GEs) with a crystal thickness of 5/8′′ and 3/8′′ respectively. Group 3 and 4 included NaI-based gamma cameras from Siemens Healthineers with a crystal thickness of 3/8′′, with a similar energy window as the GE NaI-based cameras and a dual window respectively. Group 5 included semiconductor-based gamma cameras from GE with a CdZnTe (CZT) detector. The generic calibration factors were 60.0 cps kBq−1, 52.3 cps kBq−1, 50.3 cps kBq−1, 53.2 cps kBq−1 and 48.4 cps kBq−1 for group 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. The MDAs ranged between 169 and 1130 Bq for all groups, with measurement times of 1–10 min, corresponding to a CED of 4.77–77.6 μSv. A dead time analysis was performed for group 1 and suggested a dead time of 3.17 μs for 137Cs measurements. The dead time analysis showed that a maximum count rate of 232 kcps could be measured in the calibration geometry, corresponding to a CED of 108–263 mSv. It has been shown that semiconductor-based gamma cameras with CZT detectors are feasible for estimating 137Cs contamination. The generic calibration factors derived in this study can be used for gamma cameras of the same models in other hospitals, for measurements in the same measurement geometry. This will increase the measurement capability for estimating internal 137Cs contamination in the recovery phase following radiological or nuclear events.

Monolithically Integrated GaN Power Stage for More Sustainable 48 V DC–DC Converters

In this article, a fully monolithically integrated GaN power stage with a half-bridge, driver, level shifter, dead time and voltage mode control for 48 V DC–DC converters is proposed and analyzed. The design of the GaN IC is presented in detail, and measurements of the single function blocks and the DC–DC converter up to 48 V are shown. Finally, considerations are given on a life cycle assessment with regard to the GaN power integration. This GaN power IC or stage demonstrates a higher level of integration, resulting in a reduced bill of materials and therefore lower climate impact.

Dead-Time Compensation Using ADALINE for Reduced-Order Observer-Based Sensorless SynRM Drives

The inverter dead time effect is non-negligible for the control performance of sensorless synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) drives at low speeds. In this paper, a reduced-order observer-based sensorless control method for SynRM drives combined with the adaptive linear neurons (ADALINE)-based dead-time compensation is proposed. The reduced-order observer-based sensorless control method is presented, for which is parameter tuning is easy. On this basis, the dead-time compensation strategy using ADALINE filters is proposed to reduce the voltage harmonics effect on the estimation performance of the reduced-order observer. With ADALINE filters, the sixth current harmonic can be successfully filtered out by compensating the voltage directly or fitting the current to compensate the voltage. In this way, the low-speed estimation performance of the reduced-order observer is improved. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a 3 kW SynRM experimental platform.

High-purity germanium semiconductor modeling in the detector response function toolkit

We have extended the detector response function toolkit (DRiFT) to provide modeling capabilities of semiconductor sensors. DRiFT provides realistic nuclear instrumentation response by post-processing Monte-Carlo N-particle (MCNP®) radiation transport outputs. MCNP® is capable of modeling radiation transport in complex environments, but has limited detector physics and readout electronics modeling capabilities. Semiconductor detector response can be calculated with a high-fidelity for a flexible range of environments by utilizing MCNP® to simulate radiation interactions inside of detector volumes, and then using DRiFT to model charge transport and signal formation in the semiconductor, as well as the readout electronics. DRiFT models charge transport in the semiconductor, the preamplifier, shaping amplifier, pulse pile-up, and electronic noise to generate detector response. The semiconductor application in DRiFT can model a range of semiconductor materials, shapes, and sizes; and is demonstrated here for a large volume coaxial high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Here, we compare detector response functions of a coaxial HPGe detector with measurement of 60Co, 133Ba, and 137Cs at varying count rates, and we conduct a parameter study to demonstrate the effect of changing parameters in the DRiFT simulation. The HPGe detector response function shows excellent agreement with measurements of difference sources with varying dead times and count rates.

A Inverter Dead-time Compensation Method Based on Phase current Polarity Determination and Voltage Partitioning

The introduction of the dead time of the inverter solves the straight-arm conduction problem of the upper and lower power devices of the inverter, but also leads to the deviation of the actual output voltage of the inverter from the given voltage. Dead time increases the harmonic components of phase voltage and phase current, which is also an important factor leading to motor torque ripple. In this paper, the mechanism of the deviation of phase voltage and phase current caused by the dead time of voltage space vector modulation is analyzed, and the effect of dead time on phase voltage and phase current harmonic components is studied. A simple and effective dead time compensation method based on phase voltage division and phase current polarity determination is proposed to directly compensate the dead time. This method can suppress the current harmonic and torque ripple in the running state of the motor, and can greatly simplify the calculation process of the traditional dead time compensation method. Through the system modeling and simulation, it is verified that the method can significantly improve the current waveform distortion, and has good practical value.

Study of dead time estimation method based on pulse interval distribution

In nuclear radiation detection, some measured radiation counts are lost due to dead time. Estimation of dead time is necessary to restore the counting information in quantitative analysis. This study aims to propose a method for estimating dead time at high counting rate. First of all, a measurement system of pulse interval distribution was used to estimate the true input counting rate of the detection system and implemented in FPGA. Then, a digital pole-zero cancellation technique was introduced in the measurement system to decrease the decay time constant of pulse. This was aimed at mitigating the impact of pile-up on the pulse interval distribution spectrum, especially at high counting rate. The feasibility of this measurement system at high counting rate was verified by the experimental platform of EDXRF. The dead time was calculated using the measured counting rate and the estimated true input counting rate. The accuracy of the dead time relies on the precision of the estimated true count rate. When the counting rate reaches 600 kCPS, the relative error between the theoretical counting rate and the estimated true input counting rate is less than 5%.

Analytically derived disturbance rejection‐based PID controller tuning for second‐order plus dead time plants

AbstractThis letter proposes a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) design method for second‐order plus dead time models based on a desired closed‐loop transfer function for load disturbance changes. Also, tuning rules for single integrating first‐order plus dead time models are provided. Using a two‐degree‐of‐freedom control scheme, the design problem considers load disturbance rejection, robustness to model uncertainties, and setpoint tracking. Three examples are used to assess the performance of the proposed method. Finally, the results are compared to two popular PID control design methodologies, skogestad internal model control or skogestad IMC (SIMC) and improved SIMC (iSIMC).

A versatile photon counting system with active afterpulse suppression for free-running negative-feedback avalanche diodes.

InGaAs/InP-based negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) have been demonstrated to be an excellent option for photon detection at telecom wavelengths in quantum communication applications, where photon arrival times are random. However, it is well-known that the operation of NFADs at low temperatures (193K or below) is crucial to minimize the effects of afterpulsing and high dark count rates (DCRs). In this work, we present a new versatile readout electronics system with active afterpulse suppression that also offers flexible cooling options. Through the characterization of two NFAD detectors from Princeton Lightwave, Inc. and a thorough evaluation of our electronics' performance under various operating conditions, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this readout system in improving the performance of NFAD-based photon detectors. At the optimal bias for NFADs, our electronics were able to significantly reduce the afterpulsing probability by a factor of 200 for dead times ranging from 5 to 20µs following each detection event. This helps to keep the total DCRs at around 100 counts per second or less for a 20µs hold-off time. The versatility of our detection system makes NFADs a cost-effective alternative to more complex detectors, such as superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, in the research of long-distance quantum communications and low-noise single photon detectors at telecommunication wavelengths.

Fuzzy-Based Control System of Drilling Fluids Density and Apparent Viscosity Simultaneously: An Alternative Strategy to Support Autonomous Drilling Operations

Summary Among all the systems that make up a drilling operation, the production and correction of drilling fluid can be considered the heart of the process. Among the main objectives of the drilling fluid are to cool the drill bit and maintain the pressure gradient inside the drilling well, which is done by controlling its density. Another important function is transporting the cuttings from the bottom to the surface and keeping them in suspension in case of stoppage, which directly depends on the viscosity of the drilling fluid. Density and viscosity must be constantly maintained within an operational window, and failures can lead to serious accidents, even the loss of the well. Currently, this control is done manually: An operator collects samples of the fluid and takes them for analysis in the laboratory and subsequently makes the necessary corrections by manually adding products to the fluid. To reduce process dead time, keep personnel on board, and increase operation safety, a control and monitoring system is necessary. Fuzzy logic was chosen because it can be combined with classical methods, is cheap to develop and implement, and can be customized in terms of natural language, capturing the knowledge acquired by operators from equipment operation, bench tests, etc. This work aimed to develop a novel real-time monitoring and fuzzy-based system for simultaneous control of the apparent viscosity and density of non-Newtonian fluids, dealing with the inevitable interactions between them in a pilot experimental unit. A pilot plant was built to evaluate the fuzzy system approach for modeling and controlling of density and apparent viscosity of drilling fluids. The pilot flow loop comprises a mixing tank, solids vibrating feeders, and a water-dosing pump. The unit was instrumented with online sensors to measure fluid density, temperature, flow rate, differential pressure, and viscosity. The apparent viscosity and density of the non-Newtonian fluid were controlled by manipulating the dosage of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), barite, and water. The proposed methodology was compared to a classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in servo and regulatory scenarios for apparent viscosity and density. The results showed that the fuzzy controller dealt adequately with the effect of variable interactions, keeping both variables within their setpoint ranges, demonstrating the ability to control them individually despite their interactions. These results also showed that the fuzzy-based controller could easily be integrated into a diagnostic-predictive monitoring system to control fluid properties, accomplishing setpoint changes and rejecting undesirable disturbances presenting a maximum overshoot of 7.5% for apparent viscosity and 0.3% for density.

Dead time effects compensation strategy by third harmonic injection for a five-phase inverter

This paper proposes a method for compensation of dead-time effects for a fivephase inverter. In the proposed method an additional control subsystem was added to the field-oriented control (FOC) scheme in the coordinate system mapped to the third harmonic. The additional control loop operates in the fixed, orthogonal reference frame ( α - β coordinates) without the need for additional Park transformations. The purpose of this method is to minimize the dead-time effects by third harmonic injection in two modes of operation of the FOC control system: with sinusoidal supply and with trapezoidal supply. The effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified experimentally on a laboratory setup with a prototype five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM). All experimental results were presented and discussed in the following paper.